When used as exophoric reference to indicate the concepts of space and time in the real world, this/ that and ii/ IP have no much difference between them. 在用于外指照应时,就其所指的时间和空间概念来说,this/that与这/那之间并无多大差异,即this和这指近,that和那指远。
It is found that grammaticalization follows a cline ranging from exophoric demonstratives that are used to orient the hearer in the outside world to grammatical markers that serve specific syntactic functions. 指示词的语法化过程是一个连续体,从指示听话者注意外部世界的语外指示词逐步发展到具有特定句法功能的语法标记。